");vwo_$('head').append(_vwo_sel);return vwo_$('head')[0] && vwo_$('head')[0].lastChild;})("HEAD")}}, R_858102_13_1_2_0:{ fn:function(log,nonce=''){return (function(x) {
if(!vwo_$.fn.vwoRevertHtml){
return;
};
var ctx=vwo_$(x),el;
/*vwo_debug log("Revert","content",""); vwo_debug*/;
el=vwo_$('[vwo-element-id="1733230719305"]');
el.revertContentOp().remove();})("HEAD")}}, C_858102_13_1_2_1:{ fn:function(log,nonce=''){return (function(x) {var el,ctx=vwo_$(x);
/*vwo_debug log("addElement","#navigation_bar > div:nth-of-type(1)"); vwo_debug*/(el=vwo_$("html.vwo_p_s_532c28d5412dd75bf975fb951c740a30 #navigation_bar > div:nth-of-type(1)")).each((function(t,n){var o=vwo_$(n);!o.parent().find('[vwo-op-1733230632054=""]').length&&o.vwoElement({position:"before",html:'APPLY NOW '})}));})("#navigation_bar")}}, R_858102_13_1_2_1:{ fn:function(log,nonce=''){return (function(x) {
if(!vwo_$.fn.vwoRevertHtml){
return;
};
var el,ctx=vwo_$(x);
/*vwo_debug log("Revert","addElement","#navigation_bar > div:nth-of-type(1)"); vwo_debug*/(el=vwo_$('[vwo-element-id="1717598794463"]')).remove();})("#navigation_bar")}}, C_858102_13_1_2_2:{ fn:function(log,nonce=''){return (function(x) {})(".vwo_p_s_532c28d5412dd75bf975fb951c740a30 .navbar,.vwo_p_s_532c28d5412dd75bf975fb951c740a30 .apply-button,.vwo_p_s_532c28d5412dd75bf975fb951c740a30 .hidden")}}, R_858102_13_1_2_2:{ fn:function(log,nonce=''){return (function(x) {
if(!vwo_$.fn.vwoRevertHtml){
return;
};
})(".vwo_p_s_532c28d5412dd75bf975fb951c740a30 .navbar,.vwo_p_s_532c28d5412dd75bf975fb951c740a30 .apply-button,.vwo_p_s_532c28d5412dd75bf975fb951c740a30 .hidden")}}, GL_858102_13_pre:{ fn:function(VWO_CURRENT_CAMPAIGN, VWO_CURRENT_VARIATION,nonce = ""){try{;
var _vwoCurrentPageUrl = window.location.href; var matchRegex = VWO._.matchRegex;vwo_$('[vwo-widget-id]').remove();vwo_$('html').get(0).classList.forEach((cl)=>{var mpClass=cl.match(/(?:\s|^)(vwo_p_s_[0-9a-f]{32})(?:\s|$)/);mpClass && (['vwo_p_s_532c28d5412dd75bf975fb951c740a30'].indexOf(mpClass[1])!=-1) && vwo_$('html').removeClass(mpClass[1]);});if(VWO._.allSettings.dataStore.plugins.UA.dt === 'mobile'){vwo_$('html').addClass('vwo_p_s_532c28d5412dd75bf975fb951c740a30')}
}catch(e){}}}, GL_858102_13_post:{ fn:function(VWO_CURRENT_CAMPAIGN, VWO_CURRENT_VARIATION,nonce = ""){}}},rules:[{"triggers":["5425714"],"tags":[{"id":"metric","metricId":0,"data":{"type":"g","campaigns":[{"c":9,"g":6}]}}]},{"triggers":["5425855"],"tags":[{"id":"metric","metricId":0,"data":{"type":"g","campaigns":[{"c":11,"g":8}]}}]},{"triggers":["9877705"],"tags":[{"id":"metric","metricId":0,"data":{"type":"g","campaigns":[{"c":13,"g":1}]}}]},{"triggers":["9877708"],"tags":[{"id":"metric","metricId":0,"data":{"type":"g","campaigns":[{"c":13,"g":2}]}}]},{"triggers":["6336295"],"tags":[{"priority":4,"data":"campaigns.20","id":"runCampaign"}]},{"triggers":["9874537"],"tags":[{"priority":4,"data":"campaigns.13","id":"runCampaign"}]},{"triggers":["6199355"],"tags":[{"id":"metric","metricId":578149,"data":{"type":"m","campaigns":[{"c":28,"g":1}]}}]},{"triggers":["5835134"],"tags":[{"priority":4,"data":"campaigns.15","id":"runCampaign"}]},{"triggers":["6221831"],"tags":[{"id":"metric","metricId":0,"data":{"type":"g","campaigns":[{"c":15,"g":11}]}}]},{"triggers":["5425711"],"tags":[{"priority":4,"data":"campaigns.9","id":"runCampaign"}]},{"triggers":["7143898"],"tags":[{"priority":4,"data":"campaigns.28","id":"runCampaign"}]},{"triggers":["6336202"],"tags":[{"priority":4,"data":"campaigns.16","id":"runCampaign"}]},{"triggers":["5425852"],"tags":[{"priority":4,"data":"campaigns.11","id":"runCampaign"}]},{"triggers":["9"],"tags":[{"priority":2,"id":"visibilityService"}]},{"triggers":["2"],"tags":[{"id":"runTestCampaign"}]},{"triggers":["75"],"tags":[{"id":"urlChange"}]},{"triggers":["5"],"tags":[{"id":"checkEnvironment"}]},{"triggers":["8"],"tags":[{"priority":2,"id":"groupCampaigns"},{"priority":3,"id":"prePostMutation"}]}],pages:{"ec":[{"1283629":{"inc":["o",["pg","eq","112648"]]}},{"1128701":{"inc":["o",["url","urlReg","(?i).*"]]}}],"pc":[{"112648":{"inc":["o",["url","urlReg","(?i)^https?\\:\\\/\\\/(w{3}\\.)?study\\-online\\.sussex\\.ac\\.uk.*$"]]}}]},pagesEval:{"ec":[1283629,1128701],"pc":[112648]}}})();
;;var commonWrapper=function(argument){if(!argument){argument={valuesGetter:function(){return{}},valuesSetter:function(){},verifyData:function(){return{}}}}var pollInterval=100;var timeout=6e4;return function(){var accountIntegrationSettings={};var _interval=null;function waitForAnalyticsVariables(){try{accountIntegrationSettings=argument.valuesGetter()}catch(error){accountIntegrationSettings=undefined}if(accountIntegrationSettings&&argument.verifyData(accountIntegrationSettings)){argument.valuesSetter(accountIntegrationSettings);return 1}return 0}var currentTime=0;_interval=setInterval((function(){currentTime=currentTime||performance.now();var result=waitForAnalyticsVariables();if(result||performance.now()-currentTime>=timeout){clearInterval(_interval)}}),pollInterval)}};
commonWrapper({valuesGetter:function(){return {"ga4s":0}},valuesSetter:function(data){var singleCall=data["ga4s"]||0;if(singleCall){window.sessionStorage.setItem("vwo-ga4-singlecall",true)}var ga4_device_id="";if(typeof window.VWO._.cookies!=="undefined"){ga4_device_id=window.VWO._.cookies.get("_ga")||""}if(ga4_device_id){window.vwo_ga4_uuid=ga4_device_id.split(".").slice(-2).join(".")}},verifyData:function(data){if(typeof window.VWO._.cookies!=="undefined"){return window.VWO._.cookies.get("_ga")||""}else{return false}}})();
var pushBasedCommonWrapper=function(argument){var firedCamp={};if(!argument){argument={integrationName:"",getExperimentList:function(){},accountSettings:function(){},pushData:function(){}}}return function(){window.VWO=window.VWO||[];var sendDebugLogs=function(expId,variationId,errorType,user_type,data){try{var errorPayload={f:argument["integrationName"]||"",a:window._vwo_acc_id,url:window.location.href,exp:expId,v:variationId,vwo_uuid:window.VWO._&&window.VWO._.cookies&&window.VWO._.cookies.get("_vwo_uuid"),user_type:user_type};if(errorType=="initIntegrationCallback"){errorPayload["log_type"]="initIntegrationCallback";errorPayload["data"]=JSON.stringify(data||"")}else if(errorType=="timeout"){errorPayload["timeout"]=true}if(window.VWO._.customError){window.VWO._.customError({msg:"integration debug",url:window.location.href,lineno:"",colno:"",source:JSON.stringify(errorPayload)})}}catch(e){window.VWO._.customError&&window.VWO._.customError({msg:"integration debug failed",url:"",lineno:"",colno:"",source:""})}};const callbackFn=function(data){if(window._vwo_acc_id===958122||window._vwo_acc_id===900503){sendDebugLogs(0,0,"initIntegrationCallback","",data)}if(!data)return;var expId=data[1],variationId=data[2],repeated=data[0],singleCall=0,debug=0;var experimentList=argument.getExperimentList();var integrationName=argument["integrationName"]||"vwo";if(typeof argument.accountSettings==="function"){var accountSettings=argument.accountSettings();if(accountSettings){singleCall=accountSettings["singleCall"];debug=accountSettings["debug"]}}if(singleCall&&(repeated==="vS"||repeated==="vSS")||firedCamp[expId]){return}window.expList=window.expList||{};var expList=window.expList[integrationName]=window.expList[integrationName]||[];if(expId&&variationId&&["VISUAL_AB","VISUAL","SPLIT_URL"].indexOf(_vwo_exp[expId].type)>-1){if(experimentList.indexOf(+expId)!==-1){firedCamp[expId]=variationId;var pollInterval=100;var currentTime=0;var timeout=6e4;var user_type=_vwo_exp[expId].exec?"vwo-retry":"vwo-new";var interval=setInterval((function(){if(expList.indexOf(expId)!==-1){clearInterval(interval);return}currentTime=currentTime||performance.now();var toClearInterval=argument.pushData(expId,variationId);if(debug&&toClearInterval){sendDebugLogs(expId,variationId,"",user_type)}var isTimeout=performance.now()-currentTime>=timeout;if(isTimeout&&debug){sendDebugLogs(expId,variationId,"timeout",user_type)}if(toClearInterval||isTimeout){clearInterval(interval)}if(toClearInterval){window.expList[integrationName].push(expId)}}),pollInterval||100)}}};window.VWO.push(["onVariationApplied",callbackFn]);window.VWO.push(["onVariationShownSent",callbackFn])}};
var surveyDataCommonWrapper=function(argument){if(!argument){argument={getCampaignList:function(){return[]},surveyStatusChange:function(){},answerSubmitted:function(){}}}return function(){window.VWO=window.VWO||[];function getValuesFromAnswers(answers){var values=[];for(var i=0;i=timeout;if(toClearInterval||isTimeout){clearInterval(interval)}}),pollInterval)}}window.VWO.push(["onSurveyShown",function(data){commonSurveyCallback(data,argument.surveyStatusChange,"surveyShown")}]);window.VWO.push(["onSurveyCompleted",function(data){commonSurveyCallback(data,argument.surveyStatusChange,"surveyCompleted")}]);window.VWO.push(["onSurveyAnswerSubmitted",function(data){commonSurveyCallback(data,argument.answerSubmitted,"surveySubmitted")}])}};
(function(){var VWOOmniTemp={};window.VWOOmni=window.VWOOmni||{};for(var key in VWOOmniTemp)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(VWOOmniTemp,key)&&(window.VWOOmni[key]=VWOOmniTemp[key]);window._vwoIntegrationsLoaded=1;pushBasedCommonWrapper({integrationName:"GA4",getExperimentList:function(){return [28,13]},accountSettings:function(){var accountIntegrationSettings={};if(accountIntegrationSettings["debugType"]=="ga4"&&accountIntegrationSettings["debug"]){accountIntegrationSettings["debug"]=1}else{accountIntegrationSettings["debug"]=0}return accountIntegrationSettings},pushData:function(expId,variationId){var accountIntegrationSettings={};var ga4Setup=accountIntegrationSettings["setupVia"]||"gtag";if(typeof window.gtag!=="undefined"&&ga4Setup=="gtag"){window.gtag("event","VWO",{vwo_campaign_name:window._vwo_exp[expId].name+":"+expId,vwo_variation_name:window._vwo_exp[expId].comb_n[variationId]+":"+variationId});window.gtag("event","experience_impression",{exp_variant_string:"VWO-"+expId+"-"+variationId});return true}return false}})();pushBasedCommonWrapper({integrationName:"GA4-GTM",getExperimentList:function(){return [28,13]},accountSettings:function(){var accountIntegrationSettings={};if(accountIntegrationSettings["debugType"]=="gtm"&&accountIntegrationSettings["debug"]){accountIntegrationSettings["debug"]=1}else{accountIntegrationSettings["debug"]=0}return accountIntegrationSettings},pushData:function(expId,variationId){var accountIntegrationSettings={};var ga4Setup=accountIntegrationSettings["setupVia"]||"gtm";var dataVariable=accountIntegrationSettings["dataVariable"]||"dataLayer";if(typeof window[dataVariable]!=="undefined"&&ga4Setup=="gtm"){window[dataVariable].push({event:"vwo-data-push-ga4",vwo_exp_variant_string:"VWO-"+expId+"-"+variationId});return true}return false}})();
;})();(function(){window.VWO=window.VWO||[];var pollInterval=100;var _vis_data={};var intervalObj={};var analyticsTimerObj={};var experimentListObj={};window.VWO.push(["onVariationApplied",function(data){if(!data){return}var expId=data[1],variationId=data[2];if(expId&&variationId&&["VISUAL_AB","VISUAL","SPLIT_URL"].indexOf(window._vwo_exp[expId].type)>-1){}}])})();;
;var vD=VWO.data||{};VWO.data={content:{"fns":{"list":{"args":{"1":{}},"vn":1}}},as:"r6.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com",dacdnUrl:"https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com",accountJSInfo:{"ts":1736299602,"noSS":false,"pc":{"a":0,"t":0},"url":{},"rp":60}};for(var k in vD){VWO.data[k]=vD[k]};;var gcpfb=function(a,loadFunc,status,err,success){if(a.indexOf("/cdn/")!==-1){loadFunc(a.replace("cdn/",""),err,success); _vwo_err({message:"Google_Cdn failing for " + a + ". Trying Fallback..",code:"cloudcdnerr",status:status}); return true;}};window.VWO=window.VWO || [];window.VWO._= window.VWO._ || {};window.VWO._.gcpfb=gcpfb;;var d={cookie:document.cookie,URL:document.URL,referrer:document.referrer};var w={VWO:{_:{}},location:{href:window.location.href,search:window.location.search},_vwoCc:window._vwoCc};;window._vwo_cdn="https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/cdn/";window._VWO=window._VWO||{};window._VWO.fSeg={};window._VWO.dcdnUrl="/dcdn/settings.js";window.VWO.sTs=1736253132;window._VWO._vis_nc_lib=window._vwo_cdn+"edrv/nc-28d149fb22f837837f6aec93e44d7e46br.js";var loadWorker=function(url){_vwo_code.load(url,{dSC: true, onloadCb: function(xhr,a){window._vwo_wt_l=true;if(xhr.status===200 ||xhr.status===304){var code="var window="+JSON.stringify(w)+",document="+JSON.stringify(d)+";window.document=document;"+xhr.responseText;var blob=new Blob([code||"throw new Error('code not found!');"],{type:"application/javascript"}),url=URL.createObjectURL(blob);window.mainThread={webWorker:new Worker(url)};window.vwoChannelFW=new MessageChannel();window.vwoChannelToW=new MessageChannel();window.mainThread.webWorker.postMessage({vwoChannelToW:vwoChannelToW.port1,vwoChannelFW:vwoChannelFW.port2},[vwoChannelToW.port1, vwoChannelFW.port2]);if(!window._vwo_mt_f)return window._vwo_wt_f=true;_vwo_code.addScript({text:window._vwo_mt_f});delete window._vwo_mt_f}else{if(gcpfb(a,loadWorker,xhr.status)){return;}_vwo_code.finish("&e=loading_failure:"+a)}}, onerrorCb: function(a){if(gcpfb(a,loadWorker)){return;}window._vwo_wt_l=true;_vwo_code.finish("&e=loading_failure:"+a);}})};loadWorker("https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/cdn/edrv/worker-d419bc377fe3a434ab70298519802746br.js");;var _vis_opt_file;var _vis_opt_lib;if(window.VWO._.allSettings.dataStore.previewExtraSettings!=undefined&&window.VWO._.allSettings.dataStore.previewExtraSettings.isSurveyPreviewMode){var surveyHash=window.VWO._.allSettings.dataStore.plugins.LIBINFO.SURVEY.HASH;var param1="evad.js?va=";var param2="&d=debugger_new";var param3="&sp=1&sh="+surveyHash;_vis_opt_file=vwoCode.use_existing_jquery&&typeof vwoCode.use_existing_jquery()!=="undefined"?vwoCode.use_existing_jquery()?param1+"vanj"+param2:param1+"va_gq"+param2:param1+"edrv/va_gq-ce072a2e52d5573943e4cfd5d55542c7br.js"+param2;_vis_opt_file=_vis_opt_file+param3;_vis_opt_lib="https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/"+_vis_opt_file}else if(window.VWO._.allSettings.dataStore.mode!=undefined&&window.VWO._.allSettings.dataStore.mode=="PREVIEW"){var path1="evad.js?va=";var path2="&d=debugger_new&h=-e12551e77871cecbbb95775c34a3ec4c";_vis_opt_file=vwoCode.use_existing_jquery&&typeof vwoCode.use_existing_jquery()!=="undefined"?vwoCode.use_existing_jquery()?path1+"vanj"+path2:path1+"va_gq"+path2:path1+"edrv/va_gq-ce072a2e52d5573943e4cfd5d55542c7br.js"+path2;_vis_opt_lib="https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/"+_vis_opt_file}else{_vis_opt_file=vwoCode.use_existing_jquery&&typeof vwoCode.use_existing_jquery()!=="undefined"?vwoCode.use_existing_jquery()?"edrv/vanj-b6b647cbc042cba4952888629f680de4br.js":"edrv/va_gq-ce072a2e52d5573943e4cfd5d55542c7br.js":"edrv/va_gq-ce072a2e52d5573943e4cfd5d55542c7br.js"}window._vwo_library_timer=setTimeout((function(){vwoCode.removeLoaderAndOverlay&&vwoCode.removeLoaderAndOverlay();vwoCode.finish()}),vwoCode.library_tolerance&&typeof vwoCode.library_tolerance()!=="undefined"?vwoCode.library_tolerance():2500),_vis_opt_lib=typeof _vis_opt_lib=="undefined"?window._vwo_cdn+_vis_opt_file:_vis_opt_lib;var loadLib=function(url){_vwo_code.load(url, {dSC: true, onloadCb:function(xhr,a){window._vwo_mt_l=true;if(xhr.status===200 || xhr.status===304){if(!window._vwo_wt_f)return window._vwo_mt_f=xhr.responseText;_vwo_code.addScript({text:xhr.responseText});delete window._vwo_wt_f;}else{if(gcpfb(a,loadLib,xhr.status)){return;}_vwo_code.finish("&e=loading_failure:"+a);}}, onerrorCb: function(a){if(gcpfb(a,loadLib)){return;}window._vwo_mt_l=true;_vwo_code.finish("&e=loading_failure:"+a);}})};loadLib(_vis_opt_lib);VWO.load_co=function(u,opts){return window._vwo_code.load(u,opts);};;;}}catch(e){_vwo_code.finish();_vwo_code.removeLoaderAndOverlay&&_vwo_code.removeLoaderAndOverlay();_vwo_err(e);window.VWO.caE=1}})();
This site requires JavaScript to be enabled
This module presents a number of remedies that scholars have put forward in the fight against corruption.
You will gain a grounding in the cost of corruption and learn about potential solutions.
Corruption is widely accepted as a fundamental social, political and economic problem. As a result, governments throughout the world, along with donor agencies, businesses, citizens and specialist anti-corruption groups, often set out to fight corruption – though with varying levels of political will and resources.
This module looks at the different approaches, techniques and tools that have been used around the world.
From anti-corruption agencies in developing countries, to anti-bribery laws and international conventions, and from good governance to collective action, we will look at different approaches and the logic that underpins them.
We will also examine what has worked and why – as well as the fierce debate about whether the anti-corruption movement to date has broadly been a success or failure.
Module Lead: Dr Sam Power
What you’ll learn
Over the past 30 years, much of the academic literature on corruption has been concerned with the question of how best to tackle corruption. This module will familiarise you with the key strands of thought and help you make your own judgement.
You will learn about the wide variety of anti-corruption approaches in international, national and local arenas, as well as gaining an insight into what kind of approaches have and have not worked, and the conditions for success (and failure).
Alongside a theoretical framework which tells us what could or should work, and in what circumstances, we will look at real-life cases. This will give you the tools to analyse a situation and understand what kinds of approach might or might not be appropriate in tackling corruption in different situations – helping you to apply academic analysis to a real-life context.
On our global tour of this topic, we will look at a wide range of practical approaches to fighting corruption, including laws like the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, global conventions like UNCAC, anti-corruption agencies like those in Hong Kong and Singapore, and anti-corruption approaches in business and civil society.
By the end of the module, you’ll be able to:
demonstrate an understanding of the debate around what constitutes success in tackling corruption, as well as a broad knowledge of different approaches.
use the skills you gain to assess why a given approach might or might not work in different contexts, and what the alternatives might be.
Types of assessment may include:
a written case study (20%) – you’ll write a case study on fighting corruption
a written evaluation (80%) – you’ll assess what works when fighting corruption.
Back to top