Quantum technology FAQs: the basics of quantum technology
Quantum technologies will change life as we know it.
From quantum computers that solve highly complex problems in seconds to quantum clocks, imaging, sensors and simulations, quantum technology will revolutionise applications across global industries and communities.
As research extends into real-world applications, exploration into quantum technology is gaining worldwide momentum.
From the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme and the National Quantum Initiative Act in the US to millions in investments from tech leaders, including Google and IBM, scientists and researchers worldwide are developing ground-breaking quantum technology.
At the Sussex Centre for Quantum Technologies, we have one of the largest laboratories dedicated to quantum technology in the UK. Powered by seven research groups and over 100 field experts, the University of Sussex provides research-centred training and education with leading undergraduate courses, an online Quantum Technology MSc and four-year doctoral programmes.
In this comprehensive guide, we’ll address the most common questions about quantum technology that will help you understand the basics and the future of the field.
What is quantum technology?
Understanding quantum technology starts with the principles of quantum mechanics.
This revolutionary field of science and engineering uses principles of quantum mechanics, such as superposition, entanglement and quantisation, to develop advanced technological applications that extend far beyond the capabilities of traditional technology.
Scientists in this field examine the behaviour of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic particle scales and learn how to control those particles to create new quantum technologies, such as quantum computing, cryptography and communication.
How does quantum computing work?
Quantum computing offers the exciting potential to take problem-solving across industries to entirely new levels.
There are three things to know about how quantum computing differs from traditional computing.
Quantum computing explained
Quantum bits (Qubits)
Quantum computers use qubits as their basic data unit, while traditional computers use bits. Classical bits can only represent either 0 or 1 at any given time, while qubits, leveraging quantum principles such as superposition, can exist in a combination of both 0 and 1 simultaneously.
This enables quantum computers to explore multiple computational paths simultaneously, offering potential speedups for certain problems in drug discovery, materials science, financial modelling, and other advanced applications that are challenging for classical computers.
Quantum superposition and entanglement
These quantum properties enable powerful computational advantages in quantum computing. Superposition allows qubits to exist in a combination of states, while entanglement creates strong correlations between qubits, enabling certain algorithms to outperform classical computers for specific problem-solving tasks.
Quantum algorithms
In traditional computing, algorithms are structured sets of instructions that computers follow to solve problems. Quantum algorithms build on this concept by incorporating quantum properties, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform computations in ways that can surpass classical approaches for specific tasks.A few examples scientists are exploring include the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE), which can simulate molecules and chemical reactions; Grover’s algorithm for efficient search, which can quickly find desired outputs in unsorted databases; and Shor’s algorithm for fast number factoring, which can be used to break vulnerable encryption systems and make them more secure.
What are the key applications of quantum technology?
As quantum technology research develops, labs like the Sussex Centre for Quantum Technologies are actively working out how to apply practical quantum technologies to real-world applications and communities to create highly specialised products that will transform how we live.
Let’s explore some of the most exciting applications of quantum technology.
Cryptography
Quantum cryptography, particularly quantum key distribution (QKD), is set to transform cybersecurity by enabling secure communication based on the principles of quantum mechanics. Unlike traditional cryptographic methods that rely on mathematical complexity, QKD uses individual photons to establish encryption keys. Any attempt to intercept the transmission disturbs the quantum state, making eavesdropping detectable and ensuring a high level of security.
Healthcare
The vast processing power for complex data analysis and simulations in quantum technology offers the potential for revolutionary advances in healthcare and medicine.
Quantum algorithms can accelerate drug discovery by simulating molecular interactions more accurately than ever. Quantum computing also has the potential to enhance gene sequencing and genomic data processing, enabling deeper insights into genetics and diseases.
This unlocks the capability to get incredibly in-depth insights into genetics and diseases, providing opportunities to create personalised treatment plans that are accurate and effective.
Beyond computing, quantum sensing offers transformative applications in healthcare. Quantum sensors can enable ultra-precise medical imaging, improving diagnostics for conditions such as neurological disorders and cardiovascular diseases. They can also enhance non-invasive monitoring of biological signals, such as brain activity and muscle function, leading to earlier and more accurate disease detection.
Finance
The ability to perform complex calculations and simulations presents several growth and optimisation opportunities in the finance sector.
By processing large datasets beyond the reach of traditional computers, quantum computing offers significant potential to provide improved accuracy in financial modelling and forecasting, leading to transformative insights and new strategies for trading and investment.
Quantum algorithms could improve personalisation in financial services, enabling advanced customer targeting, enhanced risk profiling, optimised asset management and more effective fraud detection. These advancements could drive smarter decision-making and greater efficiency across the industry.
Telecommunications
Quantum technology has the potential to revolutionise telecommunications by enabling ultra-secure and efficient data transmission.Quantum algorithms can optimise network routing to improve customer experiences with reduced latency and increased bandwidth while analysing network traffic patterns that predict consumer behaviour and provide insights that allow telecommunications companies to make smarter, data-driven decisions.
What makes quantum technology superior to traditional technology?
While we’ve seen traditional technology advance rapidly over the last few decades, from supercomputers to smartphones, 5G networks and incredibly advanced AI systems, quantum technology promises to push the boundaries even further.
Discover the three primary features that set quantum technology apart from traditional technology.
Processing speeds
Because of the exponential growth of processing speeds in quantum computing, quantum computers will be able to solve highly complex problems that would take a traditional computer thousands, or even millions, of years to calculate in a matter of minutes or seconds.
This breakthrough could lead to ground-breaking discoveries, from developing new materials and medical treatments to designing more precise predictive models across various fields, unlocking transformative possibilities in science, industry, and beyond..
Security features
Cyberattacks pose a major threat to critical infrastructure, including energy grids, transportation systems, data networks, healthcare records, and financial transactions.
While quantum computers could eventually break certain classical encryption methods, quantum cryptography, particularly quantum key distribution (QKD), offers a solution by enabling ultra-secure data transmission. Unlike traditional encryption, QKD ensures that any attempt to intercept the data is detectable, providing a new level of security for sensitive information.
Precision and accuracy
Because quantum technology uses quantum mechanic properties such as superposition and entanglement, quantum computers can process multiple calculations simultaneously (whereas traditional computers can make one calculation at a time).
Quantum sensing enables ultra-precise measurements of physical quantities, such as time, gravity, temperature, pressure, acceleration, frequency, and electromagnetic fields. This enhanced precision can improve applications in medical imaging, navigation and timing systems, communications, and other critical technologies, offering unprecedented accuracy and reliability.
What are the challenges facing quantum technology?
Quantum technology offers boundless opportunities, but there is still a lot to learn in this relatively new field of study.
While researchers are making advances and beginning to apply quantum physics to new technologies, there are still challenges that limit advancements.
Technical challenges
Because quantum systems involve manipulating atomic and subatomic particles, they are highly susceptible to environmental factors such as temperature fluctuations, noise and vibrations.
In quantum computing, qubits are especially vulnerable to those external factors and can lose coherence, which breaks down the quantum effects, leading to computational errors. Additionally, it’s challenging to connect the large number of qubits needed to solve more complex problems.
Scalability
Building large-scale quantum computers is a complicated and expensive process involving connecting many qubits.
The complexity of controlling their quantum states grows exponentially for each qubit added to the system, and it’s challenging to connect large numbers. Researchers are working on implementing error correction techniques that build redundancy into systems that detect and correct errors, but this also requires more qubits and quantum algorithms.
Research and development costs
Research and development of quantum technology requires highly specialised equipment, facilities and expertise, which is only possible through significant financial investments.
Educational institutions, government programmes and other investors are working to close this gap.
In November 2023, the University of Sussex announced it would be the first UK university to provide undergraduate students with the opportunity to engage in quantum technology research, expanding the pool of experts, including leading quantum technology scientists, doctoral candidates and Quantum Technology MSc graduates.
What is the potential future of quantum technology?
The quantum technology field is just at the beginning of a chain of transformative advancements and discoveries that include nearly unlimited applications across industries and communities.
Predictions for technology advancements
As the scalability of quantum technology gains momentum, quantum computing will be able to take on increasingly complex problems, leading to advancements in quantum sensing, communication and simulation.
Currently, the largest quantum computer has 1,180 qubits, but experts anticipate that by 2030, scientists will develop a quantum computer with one million qubits.
Impact on various industries
Quantum technology could transform nearly every industry, offering solutions to complex problems that were previously unsolvable. Its applications range from advanced government and military security to ultra-precise diagnostics and imaging that can lead to medical breakthroughs. Additionally, quantum technology is vital for environmental monitoring, which might help solve climate change.
Ethical and societal considerations
While quantum technology offers the potential to increase access to resources, new medical treatments and further financial opportunities across communities, it will be essential to consider ethical and societal concerns.
Quantum technology will be transformative, but it poses ethical questions about data privacy and risks increasing socio-economic divides between communities with access to quantum technology and communities without it.
From quantum computing to quantum cryptography, communication, sensing and other applications, quantum technology is one of the most exciting fields to work in. It offers new possibilities, with significant advancement still to be made.
How can I start learning about quantum technology?
As the field of quantum technology evolves, highly skilled and trained experts are needed now more than ever.
There are various learning paths and opportunities available for those interested in building a career in this sector.
Further education
You can start by pursuing a related subject such as physics, computer science or engineering at the undergraduate level. After completing a bachelor’s degree, you can then opt for an advanced degree like a Masters or doctorate in quantum technology to specialise in this field.
Most quantum technology programmes are designed for students who already have a strong foundation in related subjects and want to deepen their knowledge in quantum mechanics, quantum computing and other quantum-related fields.
Networking
As you begin to build your knowledge and expertise, networking with other students, scholars and professionals is crucial in growth and development. Take advantage of opportunities presented as part of quantum technology MSc or doctoral programmes and attend conferences and workshops to build relationships with other industry experts.
You could also build connections within the quantum technology community by seeking mentorships from professors who can offer insight and advice or tap into professional networks online through platforms like LinkedIn or via other professional organisations dedicated to the field.
Practical experience
Direct experience with research is one of the most robust methods to expand your expertise. At most universities and research facilities, research opportunities are limited to quantum technology MSc and doctoral candidates.
At the University of Sussex, we also offer opportunities for undergraduates to interact with research through the Sussex Centre for Quantum Technologies. Research areas include ion-trap quantum processors, ion-photon interfaces for the projected quantum internet, quantum simulators, superconducting quantum circuits, devices for quantum-enhanced metrology and photonic devices for quantum systems.
Enhance your quantum literacy with an online Masters from Sussex
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In this cutting-edge course, you’ll develop a strong scientific understanding of quantum principles, learn how to commercialise new quantum technologies and master in-demand technical skills in areas such as Python programming language, microcontroller deployment and 3D Computer-Aided Design.
Eager to level-up your career in quantum this year? Learn more about our online Quantum Technology MSc programme, and discover how it could help you reach your ambitions.